TY  - UNPB
ID  - pittir27455
UR  - http://d-scholarship-dev.library.pitt.edu/27455/
A1  - Bowling, Jennifer
Y1  - 2016/06/29/
N2  - Animal studies to demonstrate efficacy of medical countermeasures against respiratory disease or biodefense threats require exposure of animals to aerosolized viruses and bacteria. Prior studies have shown that the choice of culture media and relative humidity in the aerosol chamber can impact the dose of infectious agent delivered to animals. Most infectious aerosol studies have involved the use of Collison jet nebulizers which create a small, relatively monodisperse aerosol that targets the deep lung. Collison nebulizers require a relatively large volume of infectious agent and the jets that create the aerosol may damage the agent being aerosolized. Damage resulting from the nebulizer can impact agent infectivity and virulence as well as study reproducibility. We compared the Blaustein Atomizing Module (BLAM) and the Aeroneb, a vibrating-mesh nebulizer, to the existing ?gold standard? Collison nebulizer for generation of small particle aerosols containing either a bacterium, F. tularensis, or a virus, influenza or Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) in different exposure chambers. Aerosol performance was assessed by comparing the spray factor (the ratio between the aerosol concentration of an agent and the concentration of the agent in the nebulizer), the reduction in pathogen viability, and the aerosol efficiency (the ratio of the actual aerosol concentration to the theoretical aerosol concentration. In the NOT, the Collison had superior aerosol performance compared to the BLAM and the Aeroneb, while the Aeroneb had superior aerosol performance comparted to the Collison in the whole-body and head-only chambers.  Regression analysis revealed increased humidity was associated with improved aerosol performance of F. tularensis, but no environmental factors were associated with improved aerosol performance of influenza or  RVFV.  This data demonstrates that there is no ?one size fits all? choice for aerosol generators, and that further characterization of aerosol generators and factors that affect aerosol performance are needed to improve selection of aerosol equipment.  The public health significance of this research is to contribute to the characterization of available aerosol generators to optimize aerosol experiments for a more robust experimental design for developing animal models of respiratory infections and developing therapeutics and vaccines against potential biological weapons.
KW  - Aerosol generator
KW  -  respiratory transmission
KW  -  influenza
KW  -  Francisella
KW  -  Rift Valley Fever Virus
TI  - Challenging the gold standard: alternatives to the collison for aerosol generation in research
EP  - 92
AV  - public
ER  -