?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship-dev.library.pitt.edu%2F18244%2F&rft.title=Optimization+of+treatment+options+to+enable+the+use+of+Abandoned+Mine+Drainage+(AMD)+for+hydraulic+fracturing+in+Marcellus+Shale&rft.creator=Zheng%2C+Xuan&rft.description=Abandoned+Mine+Drainage+(AMD)+is+a+promising+make-up+water+source+for+hydraulic+fracturing+in+Marcellus+Shale+as+it+is+often+available+in+the+vicinity+of+planned+natural+gas+wells+and+can+be+used+to+reduce+fresh+water+utilization.+When+mixing+AMD+with+Marcellus+Shale+produced+water%2C+the+high+sulfate+concentration+in+AMD+could+precipitate+a+significant+amount+of+barium+and+strontium+in+produced+water+as+a+pre-treatment+for+produced+water+prior+to+reuse+for+hydraulic+fracturing.+In+order+to+promote+the+recycling+of+AMD+and+produced+water%2C+it+is+necessary+to+optimize+treatment+processes+to+remove+solids+created+by+mixing+these+waters.%0D%0A%0D%0AConventional+coagulation%2Fflocculation+process+was+optimized+with+respect+to+mixing%2Fsettling+time%2C+coagulant+dosage%2C+pH%2C+sludge+handling+and+clarifier+design+using+two+different+Marcellus+Shale+flowback+waters+and+actual+AMD+that+is+available+in+their+vicinity.+This+conventional+process+is+compared+against+ballasted+flocculation+that+has+smaller+footprint+and+may+be+more+suitable+as+a+mobile+treatment+system.+The+mixing+ratio+of+flowback+water+and+AMD+was+studied+in+order+to+meet+potential+effluent+quality+requirement+for+sulfate+of+100+mg%2FL+that+may+be+imposed+by+gas+companies+and+was+compared+to+chemical+equilibrium+calculations+by+Phreeqc+and+MINEQL+models.%0D%0A+%0D%0AThe+effluent+quality+from+the+conventional+and+ballasted+flocculation+processes+are+comparable+with+turbidity+below+5+NTU+despite+the+fact+that+the+contact+time+required+for+the+ballasted+flocculation+is+just+10+min+compared+to+1+hour+required+for+conventional+treatment+process.++Careful+optimization+of+the+AMD+%3A+Marcellus+Shale+Produced+water+mixing+ratio+is+needed+to+ensure+effluent+quality+with+respect+to+sulfate+concentration.+The+solids+produced+by+ballasted+flocculation+had+better+settling+characteristic+and+higher+sludge+density+than+the+solids+produced+by+conventional+process.%0D%0A&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft.type=University+of+Pittsburgh+ETD&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship-dev.library.pitt.edu%2F18244%2F1%2Fzhengx_etd2013.pdf&rft.identifier=++Zheng%2C+Xuan++(2013)+Optimization+of+treatment+options+to+enable+the+use+of+Abandoned+Mine+Drainage+(AMD)+for+hydraulic+fracturing+in+Marcellus+Shale.++Master's+Thesis%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh.++++(Unpublished)++