?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship-dev.library.pitt.edu%2F11716%2F&rft.title=Use+of+Acid+Mine+Drainage+in+Recycling+of+Marcellus+Shale+Flowback+Water%3A++Solids+Removal+and+Potential+Fouling+of+Polymeric+Microfiltration+Membranes&rft.creator=Wang%2C+Xuhan&rft.description=Flowback+water+generated+by+hydraulic+fracturing+during+shale+gas+reservoir+stimulation+can+be+reused+for+subsequent+fracturing+process.+Acid+mine+drainage+(AMD)+is+a+potential+water+source+that+could+alleviate+low+flowback+water+recovery+by+serving+as+a+makeup+water.+AMD+located+near+gas+wells+can+be+mixed+with+flowback+water+(Mixture+1+and+2)%2C+resulting+in+precipitation+of+barium+sulfate.+The+feasibility+of+microfiltration+to+separate+solids+from+two+sets+of+mixtures+of+AMD+and+flowback+water+was+evaluated+using+a+bench-scale+set-up.+Hydrophilic+polyvinylidene+fluoride+(PVDF)+membranes+with+a+pore+size+of+0.22+%EF%81%ADm+were+used+in+the+experiments.+%0D%0ASevere+membrane+fouling+occurred+early+during+Mixture+1+filtration%2C+while+no+significant+fouling+occurred+for+Mixture+2.+Particle+size+distribution+analysis+and+fouling+mechanism+identification+of+the+two+mixtures+were+performed+to+understand+the+cause+of+membrane+fouling.+%0D%0AThe+dominant+fouling+mechanisms+in+the+early+stages+of+Mixture+1+filtration+were+standard+blocking+(pore+constriction)+and+complete+blocking+(pore+blocking)+caused+by+particles+in+the+flowback+water+with+size+in+the+range+of+membrane+pore+diameter.+On+the+contrary%2C+no+significant+standard+blocking+or+complete+blocking+was+found+during+the+filtration+of+Mixture+2%2C+which+was+due+to+the+fact+that+most+particles+in+Flowback+water+B+or+Mixture+2+were+larger+than+the+membrane+pore+diameter.+%0D%0AAdditional+filtration+experiments+were+conducted+using+two+barium+sulfate+solutions+containing+an+order+of+magnitude+difference+in+precipitate+concentration.+Identical+permeate+flux+behavior+were+observed+in+both+experiments.+Therefore%2C+precipitated+had+limited+impact+on+membrane+fouling.+%0D%0AAs+an+alternative+to+membrane+filtration%2C+coagulation+with+aluminium+chloride+and+ferric+chloride+followed+by+sedimentation+was+investigated+for+turbidity+and+total+organic+carbon+(TOC)+removal.+Ferric+chloride+dosage+of+30mg%2FL+at+pH%3D6+for+Mixture+1+and+20mg%2FL+at+pH%3D6+for+Mixture+2+were+found+to+be+optimal+coagulation+parameters+that+could+achieve+similar+turbidity+and+TOC+removal+(around+90%25)+as+membrane+filtration.++%0D%0AThis+study+has+shown+that+membrane+filtration+has+the+potential+to+replace+conventional+coagulation+%E2%80%93+flocculation+%E2%80%93+sedimentation+process+for+flowback+water+treatment+for+solids+removal%2C+but+its+efficiency+depends+on+the+flowback+water+quality.%0D%0A&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.type=University+of+Pittsburgh+ETD&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship-dev.library.pitt.edu%2F11716%2F1%2FXuhan_Wang_Thesis_MS_EDIT0406.pdf&rft.identifier=++Wang%2C+Xuhan++(2012)+Use+of+Acid+Mine+Drainage+in+Recycling+of+Marcellus+Shale+Flowback+Water%3A+Solids+Removal+and+Potential+Fouling+of+Polymeric+Microfiltration+Membranes.++Master's+Thesis%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh.++++(Unpublished)++